Genesis And Rise Of Islamic Fundamentalism Religion Essay

Genesis And Rise Of Islamic Fundamentalism Religion Essay Introduction Religious fundamentalism is not a new term rather it is as old as the religions itself. The world has seen, felt and suffered due religious fundamentalism in some way or the other since time immemorial. The same is true for Islamic fundamentalism. Islam, however, has off late been more associated with fundamentalism than any other religion in the world. Fundamentalism in Islam is also referred as Islamofascism. The term Islamofascism is included in the New Oxford American Dictionary, defining it as a controversial term equating some modern Islamic movements with the European fascist movements of the early twentieth century. The term is used in this manner by writers like Stephen Schwartz and Christopher Hitchens, to describe Islamist extremists, including terrorist groups such as al Qaeda. William Safire makes particular note of Hitchens as a popularizer of the word, though Hitchens declines credit for coining it.  [1]   Susceptibility of Islam to Fundamentalism Islam is like any other religion; however, it is associated with fundamentalism than any other religion in the world. Fundamentalism in Islam is the result of its origin. It came into being in 500 AD when Christianity and Judaism were in its full blossom. Quran-The Holy Book of Islam is a philosophical yet one of the most exhaustive set of rule imposing strict guidelines for day to day functioning for its followers making Islam more susceptible to fundamentalism. The philosophical roots of Islamic fundamentalism are largely the result of a conscious attempt to revive and restate the theoretical relevance of Islam in the modern world. The word Islam means submission, or the total surrender of oneself to God. Therein lays its strength as well as weakness. Total surrender to God imparts spectacular potency to religious faith wherein no questions are asked regarding its convictions or statute. Equally, it leads to blind following in the interpretations of various diktats as pronounced by the Ulemas or Islamic scholars. The empowerment of Islam, which is believed to be Gods plan for mankind, is sacred and therefore may be (interpreted by some as must be) pursued by any means.  [2]   Reasons for Fundamentalism in Islam Colonialism and Western Dominance. Ever since Islam came into existence, it continued to flourish and was widely accepted in the Middle East, Africa, Central and East Asia. It reached its Zenith by 16th Century. However, in 17th and 18th Century Western Powers, started colonialism towards East resulting in Western cultural dominance over other religions and regions in all spheres of life. Islam too was greatly affected by the imperialistic rule of West and subtle but certain downfall of Islam commenced. The famous Indian poet Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938) vividly expressed the commonly held view of the soulless multilayered Western civilization in its varied manifestations of capitalism, communism, secularism, and liberalism, draining Islam of its inherent vitality. This created a feeling of anti-Westernism and nostalgia for the glorious past; which is the major contributory factor for the contemporary fundamentalist movements. Response to Overpowering Pace of Modern Revolutionization. Mr Modernization and technology has been the biggest boon for the society. But with it also came the evils of cultural changes of nuclear family, materialism and degeneration of social values. In Mr Volls opinion Islamic fundamentalism is a direct response to rapid modernization and cultural changes that threaten to dilute Islamic identity by a syncretistic mix with un-Islamic elements. Urbanization, in addition to diminishing social and cultural value has also resulted in high unemployment, steep rise in poverty and sharp inequalities in wealth distribution. These overwhelmingly and rapid economic, social and cultural changes have resulted in an acute sense of dislocation, identity loss, alienation and anomie and are the social-psychological background to the Islamic resurgence. Reaction to Failed Islamic Liberalism. Islam is governed by stringent and strict laws as written in the Holy Koran and its followers are expected to adhere them in in their daily life in totality. It is this facet of Islam which makes it more radical than any other religion in the world. Likewise, Islamic radicalization in part is a reaction to the failure of Islamic liberalism in the late 19th and 20th centuries. While the radicalists fight both with the modernists, who recognize a broad elucidation of Scripture and assume Western ethics, and also the liberals who favor a democratic system of governance on the Western model. Radicalists disapprove these views and look for a come back to the original foundation of Islam, while reapplying them to the modern milieu. Crisis of Frail Authority of Secular Nations and Governments. Another cause is the persistent crisis expressed by the weak legitimacy of the very idea of the nation-state as well as of the existing secular regimes. This crisis is evident in the pervasiveness of autocratic regimes and in the continuing segmentation of society along tribal, ethnic, and religious lines. The political, social, and economic failures of the secular state is seen as an important contributor to the rise of Islamic fundamentalism as a mass-based response demanding radical change. Fundamentalists tend to blame the modern secular nation-state and its Westernized elites for all the ills of society. Defeat of Islamic States Post World War II. Creation of Israel, defeat of Arab nations in 1967 and 1973 in the Arab-Israel Wars, dismemberment of Pakistan in 1971 and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 acted as catalysts in the spreading of Islamic fundamentalism. It gave Muslim world a sense of disappointment, disgrace, helplessness, and loss of self-worth. It developed in animosity and hostility against the local administration that botched to react to the need of their societies. It also resulted in the hatred aginst the superpowers which too failed to support the cause of Islamic states and saw in them an oppressor and aggressor. Modern Socio-Political Regimens. Modernization provided access to global education and new socio political equations. Secularism was one such thought that spurred Islamic fundamentalism; one of the reasons for promoting an Islamic awakening. Rise of the religious fundamentalism across various religious cultures was according to Jurgensmeyer (2001), that the radical religious groups rejected the liberal values of secular institutions. This was particularly considered, by the Islamic religious hierarchy, as the main cause of societys decline and loss of religious inspiration. These radicals also, refused to accept boundaries of secular society which keeps religion a private observance and not the public sphere which they thought were contrary to basic Islamiic tenets. Equally, the conservatives sought to restore religion as central to social life. They also saw foreign domination as a symptom of Muslim weakness, and its elimination as the key to Muslim power. Such domination could be a ttacked directly by jihad against foreigners.  [3]   Failure of Modern Institutions. Modernization in many countries did not yield requisite outcome. Modernization in these countries failed for host of reasons to include lack of infrastructure and stable government, illiteracy and wide spread unemployment. The failure of modernization in such state gave enough reason to the conservatives to force the established governments and convince the people to revert back to the basics of Islam and shun secularism and liberalization. Also the western liberal strategists failed to contain the religious overtures in the Islamic states, further bolstering the radicalists to adopt and enforce the fundamentalist Islam in its present form. The failure of liberal governments to revitalize the states gave people the option of reverting back to the Islamic values which if nothing else gave them the false sense of superiority and gave hope to bring back the lost glory to the so believed superior religion. This drew marked religious responses resulting in a spate of Islamic fundamentalist movements. Moreover, the failure of democratic and secular state to deliver further strengthened the case of conservatives giving rise to fundamentalist forces.  [4]   Conclusion At the end of the 20th century Islamic fundamentalists have become active participators in mainstream Muslim society all over the world, led by a new class of modern-educated elites. For many Muslims Islamic revivalism is a social rather than a political movement aimed at implementing a more Islamically oriented society. For most fundamentalists, however, the establishment of an Islamic system does necessitate the creation of an Islamic state, and the mainstream Islamic fundamentalist movements have become major actors within the system while the violent radicals continue to confront the state. The moderates demand participation as equals in the democratic process, while the extremists threaten violence and revolution.

Examining Ethnic Differences in Achievemen Essay

1. The definition of an ethnic group is a group of people of the same race or nationality that share the same cultural norms and values. 2. Three ways in which the education system may encourage separation between children of different ethnic backgrounds are: Labelling and teacher racism, many teachers label their students and studies by interactionist sociologists found out that many teachers labelled black children as disruptive and they didn’t want them in their class. Another reason is the ethnocentric curriculum. Troyna and Williams describe the curriculum in British schools as ethnocentric because it gives priority to white culture and the English language; this causes separation between white pupils and other ethnic pupils. A final reason is the selection and segregation available to schools. David Gillborn argues that marketization has given schools greater scope to select pupils. This puts some ethnic minority pupils at a disadvantage because selection gives more scope for negative stereotypes to influence decisions about school admissions. 3. There are many ways in which factors in children’s home background may lead to differences in achievement levels between ethnic groups. The first way is cultural deprivation; this is split into 3 aspects. The first is intellectual and linguistic skills. Cultural deprivation theorists argue that many children from low-income black families lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences. Bereiter and Engelmann consider the language spoken by low-income black American families as inadequate for educational success. The next aspect is attitudes and values. Cultural deprivation theorists say that some black children are socialised into a subculture that instils a fatalistic ‘live for toady’ attitude that does not value education and leaves them unequipped for success. The final aspect of cultural deprivation is family structure and parental support. Daniel Moynihan argues that because many black families are headed by a lone mother, their children are deprived of adequate care because she has to struggle financially in the absence of a male breadwinner. Also Ken Pryce claims that Asians are higher achievers because their cukture is more resistant to racism and gives them a greater sense of self-worth. However, he argues, black Caribbean culture is less cohesive and less resistant to racism. As a result, many balck pupils have low self-esteem and under-achieve. Another reason is Material deprivation and class. According to Flaherty; Pakistani’s and Bangladeshis are over three times more likely than whites to be in the poorest fifth of the population, as a result statistics show that Pakistani and Bangladeshi boys are among the lowest ethnic groups in the country to obtain 5 A-C GCSE’s. A final reason is racism in wider society. David Mason says â€Å" discrimination is a continuing and persistent feature of the experience of Britain’s citizens of minority ethnic origin. † 4. The differences in educational attainment between different groups of pupils have been a major focus of much sociological research. These differences can often be seen to be largely due to different social class, but also gender or ethnicity. Social class is the most significant and dominant factor when looking at these differences, but ethnicity also has a relative impact on educational achievementÃ'Ž Education has a key role to play in eradicating racism and valuing diversity and it a responsibility for all educational establishments, including those with few or no ethnic minority pupils. Promoting racial equality demands a whole school approach and commitment from all those who are involved in the life and work of their school. Racism is linked to the educational achievement of minority ethnic groups, however the connections are complex. Gilborn and Mirza conclude that ‘social class and gender differences are also associated with differences in attainment but neither can account for persistent underlying ethnic inequalities: comparing like with like, African Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi pupils do not enjoy equal opportunities. ’ They also argue that in promoting educational inclusion as a means of raising standards, there is a need ‘for clarity and guidance in translating the commitment to equality and inclusion into policy proposals and practice at the local and school level. Many cultural deprivation theorists see the lack of intellectual and linguistic skills as a major cause of under-achievement. Gordon Bowker identifies their lack of standard English as a major barrier to progress in education and integration into wider society. However the Swann Report found that language was not a major factor in under-achievement. Other cultural deprivation theorists suc as Charles Murray argue that a high rate of lone parenthood and a lack of positive male role models lead to the under-achievement of some minorities. Also Anthony Flew believes that ethnic differences in achievement stem from cultural differences outside the education system, not discrimination within it. However Geoffrey Driver criticises the cultural deprivation theory for ignoring the positive effects of ethnicity on achievement. He shows that the black Caribbean family, far from being dysfunctional, provides girls with positive role models of strong independent wome Driver argues this is why black girls tend to be more successful in education than black boys. Some socilogists that the ethnic differences in education are cause by racism. John Rex shows how racial discrimination leads to social exclusion and how this worsens the poverty faced by ethnic minorities. In housing, for instance, discrimination means that minorities are more likely to be forced into substandard acoomodation than white people of the same class. This creates separation due to the ethnic children not being able to study at home and therefore getting lower grades than the white children who are able to study at home.

Taking a Look at Sex Trafficking - 1704 Words

Sex trafficking has been a problem worldwide for a very long time. It has up until recently been seen as a problem in other countries and not seen as a large problem in the US. Over the last decade though there has been major findings that it is a thriving industry in the US as well. Sex trafficking is defined as, â€Å"A commercial sex act which is induced by force, fraud or coercion in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age or the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services through use of force, fraud or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.†(Raymond, Hughes Gomez, 2001) For this paper I decided to focus on the scope of the sex industry, the victims of the industry and what some hopeful solutions to the problems caused by the sex trade might be. International and United States Sex trafficking. Internationally it is estimated that 700,000 to 2 million women are forced into the sex trafficking industry each year. The US government estimates 50 thousand women and children are trafficked into the US each year primarily from Latin America and countries from the former Soviet Union and Southeast Asia. (Raymond, Hughes Gomez, 2001) Sex trafficking has been industrialized, prostitution has been transformed from illegal, small scale, largely local and socially despised form of abuse of women into a hugely profitable and eitherShow MoreRelatedThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking886 Words   |  4 Pageshuman trafficking? Human trafficking is when a person is abducted from their current situation and mostly likely used for sex slavery. Furthermore, did you know human trafficking increased over the years? (Listener relevance) Although you may not be as aware in your comfortable surroundings, you should always be aware of suspicious vehicles and people. Even though we enjoy the freed om of walking around carelessly, our behavior can lead to becoming exploited by traffickers. Victims of trafficking areRead MoreChild Sex Trafficking877 Words   |  4 PagesWhen some people hear the expression â€Å"child sex trafficking† inevitably unspeakable thoughts come to mind, others are unaware this is even happening. Sex trafficking is a serious criminal issue taking place within the borders of the United States, but on the outside of these boarders this crime stands as a reliable source of income for those who participate. Although child sex trafficking is a local crime it is obvious that multiple nations have different viewpoints on the topic. The problem at handRead MoreNo More Sex Trafficking?1689 Words   |  7 PagesMore Sex Trafficking Human sex trafficking is an illegal trade that is steadily increasing in the United States. In particular, human trafficking starts with young children. 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Human trafficking has taken over the lives of many, especially in Bangladesh. A country that is subjected to filth, poverty, and sex trafficking. Bangladesh is one of the top countries for human trafficking. The people of Bangladesh are in needRead MoreHow Human Trafficking has Impa cted Oklahoma1433 Words   |  6 PagesHuman trafficking is the illegal trade of humans for forced labor and sex labor. Innocent victims are trafficked through lies, fraudulence, and threats. Traffickers deceive them by promises of a better life; they abduct them through fraudulent methods; and they threaten their families to get them to go with them. Human trafficking not only occurs in foreign countries but also in the United States. Oklahoma is also a location where trafficking occurs. Many Oklahomans have personally experienced theRead MoreHuman Trafficking: Sex Slaves788 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom guys like I was, because that’s what we do. 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Types Of Political Risk Index Essay - 1016 Words

As mentioned before, components of political risk index are divided into six sub-indicators. This section examines changes in political risks’ sub-indicators as a response to political changes and the mutual relationship between the six sub-indicators that form political risk index in Egypt. 3.1 Behavior of and Changes in Political Risks’ Sub-Indicators Figure (1) shows that indicators of political risk have had noticeable changes especially after 25th of January revolution except for government effectiveness and control of corruption indicators which stayed at levels 0.5 and 0.33 respectively during the considered period. The following points summarize the performance of political risks’ sub-indicators as a response to political changes in Egypt. An indicator with points near to 1 indicates a relatively very low risk indicator, while an indicator with points near to 0 indicates a relatively very high risk indicator. †¢ The most vulnerable and risky indicator of political risks’ sub-indicators is voice and accountability indicator, as points awarded to this indicator were always below 0.5 and hence it is always located in very high risk zone. Prior to 25th of January (from 2006 to 2010), the indicator recorded 0.4 average points and during revolutions period this average points has been dropped to 0.24. Voice and accountability indicator recorded average points 0.33 during the whole considered period (2006-2014) with standard deviation 0.09 points. †¢ In spite thatShow MoreRelatedPolitical Risk948 Words   |  4 PagesPolitical Risk Political risk is a type of risk faced by investors, corporations, and governments. It is a risk that can be understood and managed with reasoned foresight and investment. 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A Critique of Natural Law Essay - 2522 Words

A Critique of Natural Law Essay #2 Barbara Palombo 256 Pinevalley Crescent Woodbridge, Ontario L4L 2W5 Email: palombo5152@rogers.com Student #: 923621220 Phil 1002 6.0 Q Class ID: 1227265 Team Instructor: Carol Bigwood Natural Law is a concept that has caused ambiguity throughout the history of Western thought. There is a multitude of incompatible ideas of natural law that have caused even those who are in basic agreement on natural law theory to have opposing notions on the particulars. In spite of this confusion, there have been enough advocates among natural law thinking in Western society to make it possible to identify its major criticisms: 1. Natural law is immutable and is rooted in nature. This†¦show more content†¦There is in fact a true law Ââ€" namely, right reason Ââ€" which is in accordance with nature, applies to all men, and is unchangeable and eternal. (Cicero) Cicero successfully argued before a Roman court that a particular Roman law was unjust, because it conflicted with natural law. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), the medieval Catholic Scholar, sought to reconcile the Greek concept of natural law with Christian theology. Aquinas began by speculating that God governs the universe and that humans are equipped with divine reason and by it derives the natural inclination to proper acts and ends. (Einwechter, 1999, p.2) Aquinas believed that revelation through scripture which came through mediation of the church, was suitable for church/religious matters, while with natural revelation man is predisposed to rely on his reason which becomes the true source of law. If one introduces Scripture, then he is appealing to a source outside of himself, and is giving up natural law and reason. According to the Scripture, God reveals himself to man through natural revelation, which includes the knowledge of Gods existence and power, and mans responsibility to worship God and live according to His moral law. (Ps.19: 1-6) Thus, it condemns man if they fail to worship God (Rom. 1:18, 20, 25) His preservation of the essence of naturalistic reasoning, contained in Aristotles works, lead to the revitalization of reason over dogmaShow MoreRelatedWhy Shouldn’t Tommy and Jim Have Sex? An Essay by John Corvino859 Words   |  4 PagesJim Have Sex?† he advocates his argument that gay sex is not â€Å"unnatural† in any moral way. However, this argument is easy to critique when considering opposition from natural law theorists, democracy, and other perspective ideas. In order for Corvino to make his position that gay sex is not morally â€Å"unnatural†, he must first respond to several arguments. 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Finally this paperRead MoreCritique Of The Current Policy Challenge Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesCritique of the Current Policy Challenge 3. The challenge is towards the personal responsibility of a public servant is to its preamble declarations of the Untied State Constitution and its protection enumerated promise of fundamental fairness towards the rights of the people and by the laws in which came forth by its union of states’. Consequently, as the population grows and desires begins to inquire more demands on its unity to respond. The efforts of our forefathers knew their intentions

How to Write an Executive Memo Free Essays

Writing an Executive Memo Your strategy professors have asked the English faculty to cover the executive memo, which you will use in your strategic management class, for two reasons: * The ability to write a short, informative, well-written memo like this will serve you well in your future careers. * Writing a good memo is difficult and requires practice. Students in past strategic management classes have had trouble with the guidelines you’ll see in the following paragraph. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Write an Executive Memo or any similar topic only for you Order Now Please read this document carefully and be prepared to demonstrate your understanding during the next class session. An executive memo is a short (no more than 500 words) internal document whose purpose is to make strategic recommendations to a company. The executive memo has 4 parts: the issue, the recommendation, the action plan, and the discussion of alternatives, in that order. When you write your executive memo, there are several important guidelines to keep in mind: * The memo is short, so every word should count. Don’t waste time giving the company information it already has (i. e. , what the company does, how much it’s sold, etc. * It’s important that you present the material in the order given here. This is not creative writing! * Everything in the memo should be connected to the issue at hand: the recommendation, the action plan, and the alternatives should all serve to resolve the issue. * Since the memo focuses on the issue, it is crucial that you state the issue clearly. Starting your memo: the subject line Make sure your subject line encapsulates the main issue of your memo. Section 1: The Issue * The memo should begin with a statement of the strategy problem you will address (i. . , you are defining the problem). This definition is key because it determines the direction which the rest of the memo will take. * It is vital to distinguish between observational information and the problem you want to solve. Be crystal clear and specific about the issue you will address. Your issue section should do the following: * Identify the root problems associated with the issue. * Provide a measure of how significant the problem is. * Provide a sense of how urgent the problem is. * Identify the risk if the issue is not addressed. Section 2: Recommendation(s) This section comes early in the memo because it’s more important that the reader see it than the alternatives. Nevertheless, it’s best to write your alternatives first and choose from among them. * Your recommendation must be one of your alternatives and must relate back to the issue and causes you have defined initially. * State CLEARLY what solution you recommend and briefly why it represents the best alternative. * Normally, the recommendation will be one alternative; however, sometimes it may incorporate one aspect of a second option. Indicate briefly that you understand whatever drawbacks may exist to the solution you have chosen. * Make sure your recommendation is realistic given physical and economic limitations. Section 3: Action plan This section should be a brief bullet list. The action plan is a schedule for the implementation of the recommendations you have made. * The goal of the action plan is to show the reader (your boss) the scope of the activity involved and demonstrate your understanding of what has to be done to complete it. * Since someone else will probably carry out the recommendations, your action plan gives that person a template to follow. Break it up into activity periods – Immediate, Short term, etc. , with days in brackets. This gives the reader a sense of the time period the program will be finished in. Section 4: Discussion of alternatives This section helps the reader understand how you came to your decision and demonstrates that you considered the issue thoroughly. Be sure to present three reasonable alternatives. * The section should begin with a brief introductory paragraph for background; this paragraph should include the basic criteria which the alternatives are judged on. You should then move on to discuss THREE alternatives, which should all have a similar focus: 3 on a new target market, 3 on a marketing strategy, 3 on new distribution channels, etc. * For each alternative , you need to give factors in its favour and the reasons for your rejection, in other words, the pros and cons of each alternative. As you analyze each alternative, keep in mind the risk factor(s) you identified for the issue. * Remember that alternatives and the arguments you make for it must address the issue you have defined. How to cite How to Write an Executive Memo, Essay examples

Leadership Styles for Emerald Group Publishing- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLeadership Styles for Emerald Group Publishing. Answer: Introduction: Leadership can be defined as having a clear vision about organization, involvement of employees in that vision, providing guidelines and many more. The following report includes various types of leadership styles a leader can follow to get the work done (Voon, et al., 2011). The four leadership styles explained are great man approach, trait theory of leadership, contingency theory and participative theory. And report also includes the follow ship styles which a follower follows to get the work done by team. The follow-ship styles explained are Effective Follower, Alienated Follower, Conformist Follower and Passive Follower. Leadership styles are: Great man approach- Great man approach actually substance of charismatic leadership. It is the Greek word for gift. Leader will continuously be recognizing for what a person is capable of. According to this theory of leadership calls has merit such as masterful personality, attractiveness, boldness, intelligence, control and aggressiveness. This style specified that a person is born with or without the necessary features of leadership. According to Nixon, Harrington Parker, (2012) leadership features are carried in the heredity. The great weakness of great man theory is unlikelihood of his intrinsic traits. The great man theory of leadership states that a few people are considered with the essential qualities that set them apart from others and that these traits are accountable for their expecting spots of vitality and master. A leader is constantly regarded as a champion who accomplishes targets in spite of against unrealistic resistance from his admirers. The hypothesis suggests t hat people with great influence should be there a result of their extraordinary blessing (Allio, 2012). In this way, it proposes that every single extraordinary leader share these trademarks paying little respect to when and where they lived or the role in the past they satisfied. Trait man theory of leadership Trait man theory of leadership individualizes leaders from non leaders by focusing on personal character and speciality. Trait theory of leadership tries to find character, social, physical and intellectual traits. Trait theory believes that leaders are born (Derue, et al., 2011). The trait man of leadership is based on the quality of many leaders both successful and non-victorious. And it is also used as tool to forecast leadership power. The subsequent lists of traits are differentiating to those of possible leaders to assess their chance of achievement or disappointment. The trait theory gives valuable information regarding leadership. It is tried by people at all levels and types of businesses. Managers can use the evidence from the theory to assess their position in the company. This theory develops the manager aware of their power and weakness. Leadership may be an art; it still requires the application of special capability and techniques. This theory also states that leadership need not compulsorily be intrinsic (Bhatti, et al., 2012). Leadership qualities might be natural or they might be procured through preparing and practice. Contingency theory: Contingency theory deals with the environment in which the leader lives. It is the supplementary feature of leadership effectiveness studies. It is also assumed that act of group depends upon leadership manner and appropriateness of the situation. It assumes that leaders could be workable to adopt any manner according to situation (Randeree Ghaffar, 2012). This hypothesis advances successful leadership centres not just on the style utilized by the leader, yet in addition on the control held over the circumstance. With a specific end goal to succeed, there should be present a strong leader member dealing. According to Da Cruz, Nunes Pinheiro, (2011) leaders should likewise give undertakings properly and plot of objectives and methodology. They have to have the capacity to give out disciplines and rewards, too. This specific hypothesis just fits circumstances where teams are firmly regulated and not group based. It likewise utilizes a least preferred co-worker (LP C) measure to help decide the kind of labourer the leader prefers least working with. This hypothesis also underlines the leaders disposition as the principle characteristic that characterizes the capacity to lead. This theory of leadership contends that numerous aspects can influence a leader's achievement in a specified job condition. The scope and opportunity in the business may support or hamper a leader's skill to connect efficiently with all workers. A leader will scuffle if workers aligned towards following an ancestor who had a very dissimilar style. This leadership styles has various approaches towards leadership qualities of an individual. Participative theory- Participatory leadership is a style of administration where choices are made with the most sensible measure of cooperation from the individuals who are affected by the decisions. One sort of participatory authority is illustrative investment in which a gathering of representatives is engaged with hierarchical basic leadership. As per Gonos and Gallo, (2013) another type is participatory administration in which youngsters share a level of joint basic leadership with their quick seniors. The supporting part of this hypothesis is cooperation fulfills a representative's larger amount needs. Participative leadership is otherwise called democratic leadership Style is a technique for initiative that includes all colleagues as far as distinguishing objectives and also creating systems and methods to accomplish the objectives. This style of leadership could be used in the volunteer setting, business setting and even in the home. One of the vital facts of attention of participative leadership is that it permits having another believable leader that can prosper inside the company in upcoming time (Antonakis House, 2013). Many leaders lean toward this style as it comprises a active collaboration of each colleague, influencing them to show their inventiveness, capacities, and abilities. This motivates a member of team to search concealed resources that can in the end enable the group or association to develop. In this way it similarly causes each part to have an open gate for them to put on their talents with the objective to share their capacities in the group. Follow ship styles: Effective follower: Being an effective leader implies having the boldness to disagree on the off chance that you think your pioneer, chief, or unrivalled, is accomplishing something incorrectly headed. That is not generally simple, but rather it requires the braveries and quality of conviction that are fundamental to great initiative (Pradeep Prabhu, 2011). The qualities of an effective leader are more difficult than that off a good leader. It implies being locked in always with the business effectiveness. It also implies focusing on overall objective of company as well as employees. It suggests having the courage to talk up when something's incorrectly and having the vitality and involvement to help a leader in doing things effectively. Effective leaders should be aware about different groups of onlookers including associates, collaborators, clients, board individuals, and people in general at mass level. As a leader, he or she should know about what efforts need to put to bring colleagues together to work for common goal. It also defines that effective leader should have sense of personal responsibility and ownership towards the organization. The follower takes the responsibility of his own as well as of his colleagues as well. The behaviour of an effective follower directly impacts the organization. A follower presumes that an organization will not provide them with security, consent and growth but instead these followers itself initiate the challenges through which they achieve personal as well as organizational growth. This requires them to act consciously on certain terms, exercise their full talent and then providing the organization with best results (Avey, Palanski Walumbwa, 2011). Sometimes companies and individual changes make a circumstance in which an follower have to pull back from a specific leader. Individuals may know they need new opportunity, for instance, despite the fact that it is difficult to leave work where they have numerous companions and esteemed partners. In the event that followers face difficulty with a leader or an association unwilling to roll out important improvements, the business should come up with a decision to sort the problem. Alienated follower: Alienated followership styles have superior amounts of basic considering yet are separated from their association and passive. These supporters ordinarily appear to be suspicious or sceptical. At the point when the leader, or group, tries to push ahead, they will voice the reasons why it shouldn't occur. According to Chou, (2012) they may have smart thoughts yet don't put these forward. In reality, they might be negative and undermine the gathering. Alienated followership show critical considering, significant for the stoppage of team thinking. But due to their absence of cooperation in the gathering they may not be tuned in to and this again can permit group to think differently from all other individuals. Sometimes alienated leadership id troublesome, critical, negative, and stubborn and lacking vision. They resemble rotting wounds in an association, continually calling attention to negative parts of the association. Alienated followership speak to in the vicinity of fifteen and twenty-five per cent of devotees in any present association. Conformist follower: Conventionalist Followers are the "yes individuals". They speak to in the vicinity of twenty and 30% of devotees in any given association. This kind of individual completes the leaders instruction without showing any doubt and will regularly relinquish their very own morals and ethics for agreement inside the gathering and to stay away from struggle. They frequently fall simple quarry to Group/think (Kalkhoran, Naami Beshlideh, 2013). Since they neglect to fundamentally assess directions given to them and effectively progress toward becoming culprits of the dim side of authority. The Conventionalist followers are frequently the general population who complete the difficult acts of mercilessness and corruption against mankind without evaluating the darker side of administration. They take an interest eagerly, yet without considering the outcomes of what they has been requested to do - even at the danger of adding to a destructive undertaking. A conformist follower is concerned just with maintaining a strategic distance from strife (Oc Bashshur, 2013). This style may mirror a person's over dependent outlook totally on leader. Sometimes this style is developed due to rigidity in rules and regulations made by leader and breaking of these attracts huge penalties. Passive follower: The passive follower shows neither basic, free intuition nor dynamic support. Being latent and uncritical, these individuals indicate neither activity nor an awareness of other's expectations. Passive followers leave the reasoning to the supervisor. Frequently, this style is the consequence of an intervening manager who supports passive conduct. According to Yung Tsai, (2013) individuals discover that showing activity, acknowledge duty, or think inventively isn't compensated, and may even be punished by the manager, so they become progressively passive. Passive followers are the ones who go without stepping up and who show the attributes the exact inverse of active follower. These followers are abstained from carrying duty and don't hunt for taking risk, may require close observing and controlling. Recommendation Leadership style: The leadership style suggested for team member of HOTS simulation is great man approach. As leader will continuously be recognizing for what a person is capable of. And in hotel industry regularly require to identify the upcoming talent which can trake position. Follow ship styles: The follow-ship style which a team member should adopt is effective follow-ship style. Because as follower, he or she should know about what efforts need to put to bring colleagues together to work for common goal. And in hotel industry achieving goodwill in market is essential. So following effective follow-ship will make a hotel successful in long run as well. Conclusion: The above report discussed about various approaches of leadership which a leader follows to lead a team effectively. The leadership styles great man theory, trait theory, participative theory and contingency theory explained above discloses the tic-tacks a leader can use to lead the team effectively and efficiently and also to achieve the organizational goal on time. The follow-ship styles explained above analyses the various types of follow-ship styles a follower adopt to complete the work assigned to him by leader. References Allio, R.J., 2012. Leaders and leadershipmany theories, but what advice is reliable?.Strategy Leadership,41(1), pp.4-14. Antonakis, J. and House, R.J., 2013. The full-range leadership theory: The way forward. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. 3-33). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Avey, J.B., Palanski, M.E. and Walumbwa, F.O., 2011. When leadership goes unnoticed: The moderating role of follower self-esteem on the relationship between ethical leadership and follower behavior.Journal of Business Ethics,98(4), pp.573-582. Bhatti, N., Maitlo, G.M., Shaikh, N., Hashmi, M.A. and Shaikh, F.M., 2012. The impact of autocratic and democratic leadership style on job satisfaction.International Business Research,5(2), p.192. Chou, S.Y., 2012. Millennials in the workplace: A conceptual analysis of millennials' leadership and followership styles.International Journal of Human Resource Studies,2(2), p.71. Da Cruz, M.R.P., Nunes, A.J.S. and Pinheiro, P.G., 2011. Fiedler's Contingency Theory: Practical Application of the Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) Scale.IUP Journal of Organizational Behavior,10(4). Derue, D.S., Nahrgang, J.D., Wellman, N.E.D. and Humphrey, S.E., 2011. Trait and behavioral theories of leadership: An integration and meta?analytic test of their relative validity.Personnel psychology,64(1), pp.7-52. Gonos, J. and Gallo, P., 2013. Model for leadership style evaluation.Management: journal of contemporary management issues,18(2), pp.157-168. Kalkhoran, M.A.N., Naami, A. and Beshlideh, K., 2013. The comparison of employees followership styles in their job attitudes.International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Research,2(3), pp.115-125. Nixon, P., Harrington, M. and Parker, D., 2012. Leadership performance is significant to project success or failure: a critical analysis.International Journal of productivity and performance management,61(2), pp.204-216. Oc, B. and Bashshur, M.R., 2013. Followership, leadership and social influence.The Leadership Quarterly,24(6), pp.919-934. Pradeep, D.D. and Prabhu, N.R.V., 2011. The relationship between effective leadership and employee performance.Journal of Advancements in Information Technology,20, pp.198-207. Randeree, K. and Ghaffar, C.A., 2012. Leadershipstyle, satisfaction and commitment: An exploration in the United Arab Emirates' construction sector.Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management,19(1), pp.61-85. Voon, M.L., Lo, M.C., Ngui, K.S. and Ayob, N.B., 2011. The influence of leadership styles on employees job satisfaction in public sector organizations in Malaysia.International Journal of Business, Management and Social Sciences,2(1), pp.24-32. Yung, C.T. and Tsai, K.C., 2013. Followership: An important partner of leadership.Business and Management Horizons,1(2), p.47.a